Introduction to Gross Domestic Product

In order to analyze the health of an economy or examine economic growth, its necessary to have a way to measure the size of an economy. Economists usually measure the size of an economy by the amount of stuff it produces. This makes sense in a lot of ways, mainly because an economys output in a given period of time is equal to the economys income, and the economys level of income is one of the main determinants of its standard of living and societal welfare. It may seem strange that output, income, and expenditure (on domestic goods) in an economy are all the same quantity, but this observation is simply the result of the fact that there is both a buying and a selling side to every economic transaction. For example, if an individual bakes a loaf of bread and sells it for $3, he has created $3 of output and made $3 in income. Similarly, the buyer of the loaf of bread spent $3, which counts in the expenditure column. The equivalence between overall output, income and expenditure is simply a result of this principle aggregated over all of the goods and services in an economy. Economists measure these quantities using the concept of Gross Domestic Product. Gross domestic product, commonly referred to as GDP, is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time. Its important to understand precisely what this means, so its worth giving some thought to each of the definitions components: GDP Uses Market Value Its pretty easy to see that it doesnt make sense to count an orange the same in GDP as a television, nor does it make sense to count the television the same as a car. The GDP calculation accounts for this by adding up the market value of each good or service rather than adding up the quantities of the goods and services directly. Although adding up market values solves an important problem, it can also create other calculation problems. One problem arises when prices change over time since the basic GDP measure doesnt make it clear whether changes are due to actual changes in output or just changes in prices. (The concept of real GDP is an attempt to account for this, however.) Other problems can arise when new goods enter the market or when technology developments make goods both higher quality and less expensive. GDP Counts Market Transactions Only In order to have a market value for a good or service, that good or service has to be bought and sold in a legitimate market. Therefore, only goods and services that are bought and sold in markets count in GDP, even though there may be a lot of other work being done and output being created. For example, goods and services produced and consumed within a household dont count in GDP, even though they would count if the goods and services were brought to the marketplace. In addition, goods and services transacted in illegal or otherwise illegitimate markets dont count in GDP. GDP Only Counts Final Goods There are many steps that go into the production of virtually any good or service. Even with an item as simple as a $3 loaf of bread, for example, the price of the wheat used for the bread is perhaps 10 cents, the wholesale price of the bread is maybe $1.50, and so on. Since all of these steps were used to create something that was sold to the consumer for $3, there would be a lot of double counting if the prices of all of the intermediate goods were added into GDP. Therefore, goods and services are only added into GDP when they have reached their final point of sale, whether that point is a business or a consumer. An alternate method of calculating GDP is to add up the value added at each stage in the production process. In the simplified bread example above, the wheat grower would add 10 cents to GDP, the baker would add the difference between the 10 cents of the value of his input and the $1.50 value of his output, and the retailer would add the difference between the $1.50 wholesale price and the $3 price to the end consumer. Its probably not surprising that the sum of these amounts equals the $3 price of the final bread. GDP Counts Goods at the Time They Are Produced GDP counts the value of goods and services at the time they are produced, not necessarily when they are officially sold or resold. This has two implications. First, the value of used goods that are resold doesnt count in GDP, though a value-added service associated with reselling the good would be counted in GDP. Second, goods that are produced but not sold are viewed as being purchased by the producer as inventory and thus counted in GDP when they are produced. GDP Counts Production Within an Economys Borders The most notable recent change in measuring an economys income is the switch from using gross national product to using Gross Domestic Product. In contrast to gross national product, which counts the output of all of an economys citizens, Gross Domestic Product counts all output that is created within the borders of the economy regardless of who produced it. GDP Is Measured Over a Specific Period of Time Gross Domestic Product is defined over a specific period of time, whether it be a month, a quarter, or a year. Its important to keep in mind that, while the level of income is certainly important to the health of an economy, its not the only thing that matters. Wealth and assets, for example, also have a significant effect on the standard of living, since people not only buy new goods and services but also get enjoyment from using the goods that they already own.

Analysis Of The Book The Night - 2564 Words

CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX Dungeons, Smoke, and Mirrors The king’s hands shook as he gripped the arms of his gilded chair. â€Å"Set that monster there!† he shouted with such rage, the entire castle trembled. The gruesome goblin shuffled over and plopped down on a wooden tripod stool in the center of the dungeon floor. Argos came over and had to stoop so he didn’t scrape his huge head on the sloped ceiling. He squatted behind Gordok, wrapped chains around his wrists and ankles, then melted into the dark shadows again. For a few moments, I stared at the monster and started to kind of choke up, thinking about all we had gone through to capture him. I was still lost in thought when Emma skipped down the stairs, smiling at me. She took a few steps, then screeched loud enough to vibrate the cobwebs that were stretched across the corners of the room. â€Å"Eeew, yuck.† She pointed to Gordok who was still in a stupor. â€Å"That monster stinks like rotten fish. Wow! I’ll talk to you later,† she said and marched out of the dungeon and up the stairs. King Zander sighed. â€Å"You have my things Aiden?† â€Å"Oh . . . Sorry. I almost forgot. Here,† I handed him the golden key. He set it on top of a small box with an inscription written in silver and it vanished. Then I gave him the wand and he pointed it at the goblin and shouted â€Å"Awake!† Gordok opened his eyes and gave me a wick sneer. â€Å"You are here before me,† the king said, looking down upon the goblin in disgust, â€Å"so that I may dispatch righteousShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book The Night 964 Words   |  4 Pagesconstruction happened. Wanda had no choice but sat on the dusty floor while the thick chemistry book set under her butt as she used it as her cushion. Not more than ten minutes later, a sound of footsteps growing near her, triggered Wanda to straight up her body and peeked behind the wall to find out whose footstep was that. It was Chris. He was balancing a pile of books in his hand. Most of the books are from the library, and Wanda guessed that he was searching for more information about whatRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Night 1703 Words   |  7 PagesThe night is brisk and even with the thick suede jacket pulled over the man’s shoulders he is still freezing. He should mind the frozen temperatures, but he doesn’t because he has just won a vast amount of money off a bet. Money that he can spend on luxuries that he doesn’t need but believes he deserves. He smiles to himself, walking along the cold roads. Occasionally passersby will bump into him and cautious to pickpockets, he pats the pocket that holds the thick envelope of money. Maybe he’ll stopRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Night 1 207 Words   |  5 PagesAlan strode out the door just as skittish as he was when he walked in. He went over his plan in his head a countless amount of times. He was meeting Diana for dinner that night. He was going to put the potion into her wine. Diana wasn’t aware that Alan had such a tremendous admiration for her. He was strolling along, almost to the restaurant when a bluebird swooped down and snatched the love potion from Alan’s grip. â€Å"Ah-ah-oh you come back here bird! That’s mine!† shrieked Alan. He dashedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Night 850 Words   |  4 Pagesthinks it is for the name Rachel while everyone else believes it the is German word for revenge. By the science of deduction he learns that the woman and was poison and was traveling because parts of her was wet when it did not rain in London the night before. He then notices her suitcase is missing and this was the murders mistake. Holmes leaves quickly and leaves Watson alone at the crime scene. He heads to the main road to get a taxi. As he walks down the road he notices the phones keep ringingRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Night Essay764 Words   |  4 Pagesif you really want to, talk to Syd†¦the Sofria that lives here. She is very good with plants, but you may end up with her a lot of time with her since all of her books are in those strange marks. I’ll be honest. I don’t think there is mean ing in those marks. I think she is really smart, and all the information is in her head. The books are just for show.† â€Å"I’ll ask.† They walked the garden, Tizbeth studying the different plants, thinking of questions. Lord Donovan was insulted when he told herRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Night 1151 Words   |  5 Pageswhile on the road, Seth screws up his courage enough to profess his love for Lyla. She freaks out. Unable to deal with Seth, Lyla leaves him a note, saying that she does not see Seth in the same light that he does her and flees in the middle of the night. Unable to return home and depressed that he scared off Lyla, he meets a mage named Jay-with-a-J tangled in enormous brambles. He rescues him with a fire spell and learns of the alternative group of naturalists called druids. Able to manipulate lifeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Night 852 Words   |  4 PagesWith a basket on his back and an arm filled with a rifle, Eustace started out with his husky, Hunter, to check his traps. The black spotted, white fluff pounced forward with determination, well acquainted with the trap-line, howl ing and barking as he went ahead of Eustace along the Yaak River. Mornings like this along the trickling river with nobody and nothing, but greenery and his furry, elusive neighbors in sight in their natural orchestral of bustling calls made Eustaces transition from anRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Night 1325 Words   |  6 Pagesnecessary. Thank you for the offer. But- really. I’m fine. I promise to be quieter.† â€Å"I can help-† â€Å"No, really, I almost have it. Sorry for frightening you,† Jemma said. Daisy sighed, â€Å"Alright. Well, good night, Jemma.† She turned around and walked to the door. She locked it. â€Å"Good night, Fitz!† She called out before slamming the door closed. â€Å"Lock the door next time you do shenanigans!† The man beneath Jemma started snickering. She looked down at him disapprovingly, â€Å"It’s not funny!† She exclaimedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Night 1048 Words   |  5 Pageshappened to Elie and was one of the main conflicts of the story, â€Å"Night†. As you can see in the book he loved going to his mosque and his love of God, however, as the story went on his faith slowly deteriorated and crumbled away even though he fought hard to keep it. This can happen to the best of people and there is no way to control it unless you are strong with your beliefs. This was the case for Elie In the beginning of the book because he was excited about his path with God and would talk withRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Night 1512 Words   |  7 PagesCameron, a young man, awoke abruptly. It was another long night in 2257 AD near modern day China. â€Å"Another nightmare,† he whispered under his breath.Panting heavily, he turns and puts his feet on the cold, damp wooden floor. Standing up, he let out a yawn as he stretched. â€Å"Well I guess I better go eat some breakfast,† he said to himself. As he goes down the stairs he passes his father’s room. Cracking the door open he could see his father sprawled out on the floor covered in glass bottles. â€Å"Drunk

Computer and Grades Free Essays

string(58) " hey need in their university is encoded on their system\." This chapter presents the background of the study, problem and its significance, and the scope and limitation of the study. Background of the Study In this Information Age we are able to process or transmit, sort and retrieve data or information between one computer to another. With this, it makes the communication and different task done easy and less time consuming and hassle free. We will write a custom essay sample on Computer and Grades or any similar topic only for you Order Now Like in schools, offices this brings a big help. In schools especially in colleges/ universities it is consist of different people and machine that work together to achieve one common goal. One of this goal is the transferring of data or information of computed grades of the student on how they performed academically in their different respective subject. On latter days, instructors manually computing the grades of their students then input it in computer, print it for them to have the hard copy. One is for their own then the other copy for the registrar or dean whom they passed the reports of the grades. But with this grading system, they can compute or tabulates the grades of their students computerized, easily and efficiently, less paper works and they can pass it through computer to the registrar and dean. And most important is that the student can quickly response if he have a problem with his grades because of the system SMS notification. The student will receive a SMS notification if he is needed to comply or talk with his respective instructor about his academic performance or grades. This will help the student that always have the reason of it was too late when they know that they failed on that subject so they were not able to comply or talk with their instructor. Objectives of the Study The main objective of the study is to minimize the task of the instructor. Registrar. This study will benefit and help the registrar to monitor the student list and information with the grades coming from their instructors. Dean. This study will benefit and help the dean of this college to monitor the class standings and per term submission of grades of the students by the instructors. Future Researchers. This study will serves as reference for the future researchers on their future study. Scope and Delimitation This study covers the CLC College of Stop. NIH, Japan City grading system. It also includes how these students will comply eventually on their grades problems with the use of SMS notification. This study focuses on the problem on how the student list be monitor and update timely and how the grades of the student will compute accurately and efficiently that will help the student and instructor to communicate despite of their busy and different schedule if they have something to settle that deals with the grade or class standing of the student. And this study focuses to suggested ways or solutions to avoid the students for being fail in different subjects. Make the student responsible for his studying and completes the requirements with his subjects as a student. Definition of Terms 1 . Information Age – Growth of information industry where information can be sorted, stored and retrieved from one computer to another. 2. Comply – To complete, reform what is due, and to be courteous. 3. System Development Life Cycle – System Life Cycle is an organizational process of developing and maintaining systems. It helps in establishing a system project plan, because it gives overall list of processes and sub-processes required for developing a system. Chapter II The Review of Related Literature and Studies Foreign Literature According to John Palmer, Robert Williams Heinz Dither Curtain University of Technology, Perth, WA, Australia (2011) they stated that: â€Å"Automated marking of assignments consisting of written text would doubtless be of teachers and education administrators alike. When large numbers of assignments are submitted at once, teachers find themselves bogged down in their attempt to provide consistent evaluations and high quality feedback to students within as short a timeshare as is reasonable, usually a matter of days rather than weeks. Educational administrators are also concerned with quality and timely feedback, but in addition must manage the cost of doing this work. Clearly an automated system would be a highly desirable addition to the educational tool-kit, particularly if it can provide less costly and more effective outcome. In this paper we present a description and evaluation of four automated essay grading systems. We then report on our trial of one of these systems which was undertaken at Curtain University of Technology in the first half of 2011. The purpose of the trial was to assess whether automated essay grading was feasible, economically viable and as accurate as manually grading the essays. Within the Curtain Business School we have not previously used automated grading systems but the benefit could be enormous given the very large numbers of students in some first year subjects. As we evaluate the results of our trial, a research and development direction is indicated which we believe will result in improvement over existing system. Keywords: assessment, assignment, automatic, essay, grading, marking, plagiarism† (http://www. Studded. Com/essays/Grading-System-For- Essay. HTML) The said article/essay that the grading system will be usable when it comes in grading especially to first year students. And when that system can be implemented, they can provide to students a good evaluation, and a timely feedback. So that, the proponents’ proposed this study in order to have a good and timely dieback for the students. In a study conducted by Evangelists (2009) she stated that: â€Å"The Online Student Information System of Simon Fraser University of Canada is a secure, web accessible interactive computer system that allows user access to grade, reports, transcripts, schedule of classes, and remaining balance for the semester and register for classes online. † (http://www. Studded. Com/essays/Review-Of-Related- Foreign-Literature. HTML) The said article/essay that the system of the Simon Fraser University is secured, accessible and efficient to use because all the information that hey need in their university is encoded on their system. You read "Computer and Grades" in category "Papers" This article helps the proponents’ to make the proposed system more accurate, convenient to use, understandable and make it user friendly environment. In a study conducted by Salem, University (2010) the school stated that: â€Å"In today’s generation, we are engaged in highly computerized technology aiming to enhance individual lifestyle. The manual system is now considered obsolete after the birth of the computerized system. Computerized Grading System is now very common today’s generation. † (http:// www. Studded. Com/essays/Fortunetelling. HTML) The said article/essay/ that our generation is innovated time-to-time. Nowadays, every companies or establishments is using a technology to provide fast transactions and encoding data’s much easier. This innovation helps the proponents’ proposed study to provide more usable system. Local Literature In a study conducted by McFarland, Migration and Maiden (2009) they stated that: â€Å"A teaching a nd learning radically changed with advances in technology. Research shows that the computer can be an effective tool in both teaching and learning. As a part of innovation, computer and internet became a part of our need in learning. It helps us to know anything and connect us to everybody. It helps us also to learn something in a quick and easiest way by providing relevant and informative information online. † (http://www. Studded. Com/essays/Assessment-Of-Online- Grading-System-7655755. HTML) The said article/essay that every piece of information that we need, the computer can provide it through accessing the internet. And also it would be very helpful to the students who are engaging research papers. So that, the proponents’ proposed system should be able to give information to the user. In a study conducted by (Beg, 2010) he stated that: Manual also is using old method without the help of the technology or maybe less to perform certain task or work. For example using type writer to write a report or keep documents in the paper folder. While computerized system is using latest technology of CIT to carry out various tasks that is more effective compare to manual system in terms of the productivity and the time usage. † (http://www. Studded. Mom/essays/ Online-student-Information-system-1871749. HTML) The said article/essay that computer systems is easy to use rather than the manual system which is filing, using papers to store information’s etc. But when it comes to computerized system, it is timeless and doubtless to encode retrieve information’s encoded on that system. So that, the proponents’ proposed this study to help the user make their tim e be manageable. In a study conducted by National University (2011) the school stated that: â€Å"Nowadays, technology plays a very important role to our lives. We all knew that technology grows fast and the demand for human resources increased. Life in every aspect such as business transactions when it comes to doing heavy paper works, arranging, sorting now has come to find its solution to make task easier and less time consuming. We can say that all companies adopted what the technology offers. This is through the process of computerizing. With its help, all transaction inside and outside the business world can be done in an easy way. † (http:// www. Studded. Com/essays/Grading-System. HTML) The said article/essay that life made easy when using a computerized system, it is because the things that the human did manually, it can be done automatically through the help of a system, and the human efforts will be reduced. So that, the proponents’ proposed this study to lessen the human efforts. Related Studies Foreign Studies In a study conducted by AY Hydraulically (2012) he stated that: â€Å"The first regular school be establis hed in Bahrain, It’s was established in 1919. The education in Bahrain was limited to education in chronic schools who are studying the Koran. However, AY Hydraulically was limited to the teaching the children of rich people and the owners of the important centers in the centers in the country and then become the public from people. It’s a doubted by the ministry of education in Bahrain. As the time go to the school has improved it teaching system and the activates to make the studying more effective for the student and now this school have been secondary school for boys in Marjoram. Now, the school is using a manual grading system in which they are using papers, files, cards and calculators to calculate the marks of each student. This type of grading is very difficult and take a long term in calculating the grade of each student, and the school spends money every year for paper files and other things, as well as there is big ability for losing or damaging the document. † (http://www. Demoded. Com/essays/Related-About- Grading-system-1077246. HTML) The said article/essay that manual computing of grades is taking too much time, and also, the school is able to pay for the papers that the students needed for storing their information’s. So that, the proponents’ proposed this study to avoid paying such papers and spending too much amount of money. In a study conducted by Golden Valley – Annealed Group of Schools (2012) the school stated that: â€Å"The grades of each student, which is the traditional use when technology is not yet developed. Manual computation is very prompt to risk for any resistances. It is time consuming in terms of recording grades, computation using of calculator. If some records are lost, they never retrieve it in case of unexpected calamity. Accuracy and security is not been so defined in their manual system. (http://Studded. Com/essays/Grading-System-1232996. HTML) The said article/essay that manual computation is very risky, because there is a possibility of loses and damaging the documents. And it is time-taking when recording grades into the papers. So that, the proponents’ proposed this system to avoid damaging loses of information needed by the instructor. In as st udy conducted by possible Axes (2008) he stated that: â€Å"Upgrading the computer information system is not an option in this technology driven era: it is a requirement. Companies that use an up-to-date information system to gather, assimilate, and evaluate internal as well as external information are gaining competitive advantage over other firms. Management is quicker to cater customer’s need and complaints. With the growth of communication networks, there are almost no barriers between the firm’s management employees, customers and suppliers. Networks computing system have made new modes of work. (http://Studded. Com/essays/nine- Student-Information-system-1871749. HTML) The said article/essay that up-to-date system is more efficient to use, because all the information needed by the customer, employees etc. Is not a barrier by the system, because computerized system has a components to interact to us humans. So that, the proponents’ proposed this study to help the user easily retrieved information needed. Local Studies In a study conducted by San Sebastian College Recollects (2011) the school stated that: â€Å"Began over 4 y ears ago; many things in this school have gone from manual to automate. And because a typical problem in a starting school are Grading Systems. I noticed that this systems does not exist in this school. Grading System means marking the task for professors in computing and calculating grades will become easy and not only that the professors will have an advantage but the student will also get a gain, because it will also improve accuracy of calculations thus making the what we call â€Å"Hula of Grades† will become non-existent in the future of San Sebastian Recollects. † (http://www. Studded. Com/essays/Computerized-Grading- Systematizes. Ml) The said article/essay that when the instructor is using a computerized grading system, their task as an instructor will be lessen because as we all know that computing of grades is not an easy work. So the proponents’ proposed this study to help the user compute the grades of the students automatically. That: â€Å"One of the fastest growing institutions in the City of Basis will new opportunit ies rising continually in hundreds of different fields. System analyst matches the requirements of the school and set up an interview between the key people. Interviews are then conducted, and the candidates selected in the interview re one of the teachers of the basic education department. This project examines the issues related to Online Grading System that implements a web-based application composed of the Grade School and High School Department. This would create a system of reliable and accurate to compute grades in all different subjects in the Basic Education Department. A comparatively fast access of information of grades; generate reports, and information of the inputs of the teachers. This will be designed through web-based with the use of Myself as database management with the intent to generate reports. It helps the teachers minimize the time consumed in computing grades of the student using manual method. It also focused each of the underlying technologies used to create and implement the application. † (http:// www. Studded. Com/essays/Online-Grading-System-610544. HTML) The said article/ essay that when the instructor using a web-based grading system, the students will have an information regarding on the standing of their grades. And also, the instructor’s is not able to use a calculator to compute the grades of each student, because it can be done by the system. So the proponents’ proposed this study to inform both students and parents regarding on the standing of the grades by the student. In a study conducted by the Informatics International Dilemma College (2012) the school stated that: â€Å"One of the fastest growing institutions with new opportunities rising continually in hundreds of different fields. This project examines the issues related to Online Grading System that implements a web-based application composed of the Grade School and High School Department. This would create a system of reliable and accurate to compute grades in all different subjects in the Basic Education Department. A comparatively fast access of information of grades; generate reports, and information of the input of teachers. This will be designed through web-based with the use of Myself as database management with the intent to generate reports. (http://www. Studded. Com/essays/Online-Grading- System-10361 53. HTML) The said article/essay that when the user which is the instructor use the online grading system, they will not be able to use the standard computing which is using a calculator. So that, the proponents’ proposed this study to help the user to encode retrieved the grades of each students in easy way. Synthesis The proponents believe that each and every literature and studies stated in this research is related on their proposed study. The proponents relate and differentiate the research based on the flow of their system analysis from the proposed study. And the proponents’ believed that every literature and studies has their own existing system that they are using, even if it’s manual or computerized system. The proponents’ rely on both systems to improve the proposed study. Chapter Ill Materials and Methods This chapter includes the research design, respondents of study, data gathering lolls, statistical tools, system design and methods use in Developing the software used by the researcher to conduct the study. Research Design The researchers choose the Developmental (developing system) of materials and method. This Research design specifically designed to aid in the development of existing system and its interfaces. Respondents This study involves 10 students, 5 Faculty members, 1 Registrar and 1 Dean of CLC College of Japan, because the researchers want to know if the students will agree to the system main goal and aim to benefit for the convenience of the proposed yester. Because those students are in different year level and have different course, and they taking different subjects that are consists of the different grades and instructor that they will not able to know at all if they have problems or not regards to their academic performance. So the researchers will get accurate information about their research. And those instructors know what and how the grading system procedures so that the proponents will understand the flow of the proposed system. The proponents want to learn about how and the limits of the registrar and dean of he school in viewing students and instructors records. Data Gathering Procedure These are the instruments or tools for gathering data in research used as basis for drawing conclusions or making inferences. Some of these tools are based on observation, interview, survey, research and questionnaires used by the proponents as they conduct the proposed study. System Design System Flow Chart System Flowchart it is formalized graphic representation of a program logic sequence, work or manufacturing process, organizing chart, or similar formalized structure. It uses different symbols or shapes that represent the step by step procedure of the system connected by flow lines. Data Flow Diagram A data flow diagram (DVD) is a graphical representation of the â€Å"flow† of data through an information system, modeling its process aspects. Often they are a preliminary step used to create an overview of the system which can later be elaborated. It represents diagram which tells the flow of the system from the start until to the last procedure on how the user will use the system proposed by the proponents. Entity-Relationship Diagram An Entity-Relationship Diagram (RED) is a logical representation of an organization’s data. Entities – Major categories of data and are represented by rectangles. Attributes – Characteristics of entities and are listed within entity eclipses. And their Relationships listed and represented by diamonds. Methods used in Developing the Software System Development Life Cycle System Life Cycle is an organizational process of developing and maintaining systems. It helps in establishing a system project plan, because it gives overall list of processes and sub-processes required for developing a system. Chapter IV Results and Discussion Project Description Grading System with SMS Notification is a LANA-Based System. This system is composed of five aspects. 1) Accuracy – this system is accurate every time that the instructor needs to encode the grade of the student it is because this system has the capability to calculate the encoded scores correctly. 2) Time Management – this system is favorable to the instructor who wants to engaged in managing of their time, because this computerized grading system can make their time manageable, because their task will be lessen in computing the grades manually. Usable – this is very useful every time that the instructor need to compute the grade of each student because this system can stored data on the database which is secured and the losses of each data will be lessen compared to the manual computation of grades. 4) Easy to Use – it is understandable to use by the user because of the separation of interfaces of who are logged on in the system, the proponents separates the interface according on the task of the user. 5) Informed – every end of the term the students will receive a notification from this system according to their status to be able for them to know about the status of their grades. The Grading System with SMS Notification has three interfaces according to the profession of the user. The instructor, has an interface to create, update and view the grades of each student. The Registrar, has an interface to view the grades of each student every end of the semester encoded by the instructor. The Dean, has the interface to view the grades of the student every end of the term. The Grading System with SMS Notification can send information according to the registered phone umber of the student on the system whether it is a personal phone number or the phone number of their guardian. How to cite Computer and Grades, Papers

Glossary for Crime and Deviance free essay sample

The consensus or functionalist perspective is one that views society as a system consisting of mutually sustaining parts and characterized by broad normative consensus. All the various social institutions have their own particular specialized social functions to keep society running smoothly II. Sociological Positivism a. Causes of crime favored by sociologists in this tradition are compounds of a variety of social phenomena which are summarized by terms such as â€Å"social disorganization,† â€Å"anomie,† or â€Å"group conflict. The appreciation of the social context of criminal behavior is sociology’s greatest contribution to our understanding of crime III. Durkheim, Modernization, and Anomie a. Emile Durkheim: Anomie—Meaning â€Å"lacking in rules† or â€Å"normlessness† which Durkheim used to describe the condition of normative deregulation in society. b. Mechanical solidarity: Exists in small, isolated, and self-sufficient prestate so ciety in which individuals, because they share common experiences and circumstances, share common values and develop strong emotional ties to the collectivity c. Organic solidarity: Characteristic of modern societies in which there is a high degree of occupational specialization d. Durkheim argued that because crime is found at all times and in all societies, it is a normal and inevitable phenomenon e. Criminals and other deviants are useful in that they serve to identify the limits of acceptable behavior f. All people are said to aspire to maximize their pleasures, but deficiencies in â€Å"natural talent† will thwart some from attaining their goals legitimately IV. The Chicago School of Ecology . The first criminological theory to be developed in the United States was the Chicago school of human ecology b. Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay: Social ecology—describes the interrelations of human beings and the communities in which they live. Early social ecologists viewed the city as a super organism with â€Å"natural areas† differentially adaptive for different ethnic groups c. Shaw and McKay noted that the majority of delin quents always came from the same neighborhoods regardless of the ethnic composition of those neighborhoods V. Social Disorganization a. Social disorganization: The breakdown, or serious dilution, of the power of informal community rules to regulate conduct b. The mix of peoples with limited resources, bringing with them a wide variety of cultural traditions sometimes at odds with traditional American middle-class norms of behavior, is not conducive to developing and/or maintaining a sense of community c. A neighborhood in the process of losing its sense of community was called a transition zone d. Social disorganization is really the loss of neighborhood collective efficacy e. Collective efficacy: The shared power of a group of connected and engaged individuals to influence an outcome that the collective deems desirable f. The same things that predict the loss of collective efficacy are the same things that predict social disorganization g. Ways in which social disorganization contributes to crime and delinquency i. The lack of social controls in disorganized neighborhoods facilitates crime by failing to inhibit it ii. The provision of positive incentives to engage in crime and delinquency h. Ecological fallacy: We cannot make inferences about individuals and groups on the basis of information derived from a larger population of which they are a part i. How do we know that differences in delinquency rates result from the aggregated characteristics of communities rather than the characteristics of individuals selectively aggregated into communities? VI. Strain Theory: Robert Merton’s Extension of Anomie Theory a. Robert Merton: Strain theory views crime as a normal response to the conditions that limit the opportunities for some individuals to obtain the economic success for which we are all supposed to strive b. Anomie is the structural-cultural disjunction and strain they is the way people adapt to life in the context of anomie VII. Modes of Adaptation a. Five modes of adaptation that various people adopt in response to social pressure i. Conformity: Accept the success goals of American society, and the prescribed means of attaining them ii. Ritualism: Rejects the cultural goals, but does not adapt in a criminal manner iii. Innovation: Accepts the validity of cultural goals, but rejects the legitimate means of attaining them iv. Retreatism: Rejects both the cultural goals, and the institutionalized means of attaining them; they are in society but not of it v. Rebellion: Reject both the goals and the means of capitalist American society, but unlike retreatists, rebels wish to substitute alternative legitimate goals and alternative legitimate means VIII. Institutional Anomie Theory . Steven Messner and Richard Rosenfeld: Institutional Anomie Theory (IAT) places the blame for the high crime rate in the United States unequivocally on the doorstep of the much-vaunted American Dream and its capitalist underpinnings b. High crime rates are intrinsic to the basic cultural commitments and institutional arrangements of American society c. Institutional Balance of Power: Subjugation of other institutions d. American culture tends t o devalue the non-economic function and roles of other social institutions e. The answer to the high crime rate in the United States is decommodification, which refers to social policies intended to free social relationships from economic considerations by freeing the operation of the other social institutions from the domination of the economy, or to at least gain a certain degree of balance IX. Robert Agnew’s General Strain Theory a. Robert Agnew laid the foundation for a general strain theory b. Strain results from the removal of a positively valued stimuli or the presentation of negative stimuli c. We all experience multiple strain throughout our lives, but the impact of strain differs according to its magnitude, recency, duration, and clustering d. The most important fact is not strain per se, but how one copes with it X. Subcultural Theories: Albert Cohen and Status Frustration a. Distinct criminal subcultures might develop, particularly among lower-class individuals because these are the people expected to feel the bite of blocked opportunity more sharply b. Albert Cohen’s book Delinquent Boys proposed a mechanism by which lower-class youths adapt to the limited avenues of success open to them c. Short-run hedonism: The actor is seeking immediate gratification of his or her desires without regard for any long term consequences d. Much lower-class crime and delinquency is expressive rather than instrumental e. Though no fault of their own, young people lack access to middle-class avenues of approval and self-worth. Because they cannot adjust to what Cohen calls middle-class measuring rods, they experience status frustration f. The real problem for Cohen is status frustration, not blocked opportunity. Lower-class youth desire approval and status, but because they cannot meet middle-class criteria, they become frustrated XI. Cloward and Ohlin’s Opportunity Structure Theory a. One of the most influential extensions of strain theory has been Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin’s opportunity structure theory, outlined in their book, Delinquency and Opportunity b. To obtain and take advantage of the most rewarding illegitimate opportunities, aspiring delinquents often need an â€Å"in† c. Gang types that develop from the frustration generated by blocked opportunities: i. Criminal gangs ii. Conflict gangs iii. Retreatist gangs XII. Walter Miller’s Theory of Focal Concerns a. Gangs are not a reaction to status deprivation b. Miller asserted that lower-class behavior and values must be viewed on their own terms c. Six focal concerns that are part of a value system and a lifestyle that has emerged from the realities of life on the bottom rung of society i. Trouble confers status if it is the right type of trouble ii. Toughness is very important to the status of lower-class males iii. Smartness refers to street smarts and is the ability to survive on the streets using one’s wits iv. Excitement is the search for fun v. Fate is a belief that the locus of control is external to oneself and a belief in â€Å"lady luck† vi. Autonomy means personal freedom d. The hard-core lower class lifestyle typified by these focal concerns catch those engaged in it in a web of situations that virtually guarantee delinquent and criminal activities XIII. Youth Gangs a. Malcolm Klein defines a youth gang as: â€Å"any denotable adolescent group who (a) are generally perceived as a distinct aggregation by others in the neighborhood, (b) recognize themselves as a denotable group, and (c) have been involved in a sufficient number of delinquent incidents to call forth a consistent negative response from neighborhood residents and/or law enforcement agencies† XIV. The Increasing Prevalence of Gangs a. Gangs are more prevalent in the United States today than ever before b. It is the neighborhood of the marginalized and underclass that the most fertile soil for the growth of gangs exist XV. Why do Young People Join Gangs? a. Joining a gang has almost become a survival imperative in some areas where unaffiliated youths are likely to be victimized b. Gang membership provides means of satisfying belongingness needs c. Gangs functions for many of its members as (1) family, (2) friendship group, (3) play group, (4) protective agency, (5) educational institution, and (6) employer XVI. Girls in Gangs a. Females are a minor part of the modern gang scene b. Girls join gangs for many of the same reasons that boys do c. Three basic types of female gang involvement i. All-female gangs ii. Mixed gender gangs iii. Female auxiliaries of male gangs d. The vast majority of females gang delinquency consists of non-violent property and status offenses XVII. Evaluation of Social Structural Theories a. Ecological theory brought home one of the most universal demographic characteristics of crime, namely, its concentration in socially disorganized areas inhabited by economically deprived people b. Strain theories claim to explain particular types of crimes in terms of their prevalence in society, and not why one individual becomes criminal and another does not c. General strain theory has been criticized as reductionist because of its emphasis of attempting to explain how people subjectively perceive and react to strain d. Subculture theories augment both ecological and anomie/strain theories by introducing the idea of subculture e. Focal concerns has attracted charges of racial insensitivity XVIII. Policy and Prevention: Implications of Social Structural Theories a. Social disorganization( Chicago Area Project: Treating communities from which offenders came. Shaw and McKay organized a number of programs aimed at generating or strengthening a sense of community within neighborhoods b. Strain theory( If the cause of crime is a disjunction between cultural values emphasizing success for all and a social structure denying access to legitimate means of achieving it to some, then the cure for crime is to increase opportunities or to dampen aspirations c. Cloward and Ohlin developed a delinquency-prevention project known as Mobilization for Youth which concentrated on expanding legitimate opportunities for disadvantaged youths d. The policy recommendation flowing from institutional anomie theory would be those that tame the power of the market via decommodification e. Any policy recommendation derived from subcultural theory would not differ in any significant ways from those derived from ecological or anomie/strain theories Key Terms Anomie Chicago area press Collective efficacy Consensus or Functionalist perspective Conformity Decommodification Ecological fallacy Focal concerns General strain theory Institutional anomie theory Institutional balance of power Mechanical solidarity Middle-class measuring rods Mobilization for youth Modes of adaptation Opportunity structure theory Organic solidarity Short-run hedonism Social ecology Social disorganization Social structure Status frustration Transition zone